Pesahim 3:4
What precautions are necessary to prevent dough from becoming chametz?
רבן גמליאל אומר: שלש נשים לשות כאחת ואופות בתנור אחד זו אחר זו. וחכמים אומרים: שלש נשים עוסקות בבצק, אחת לשה ואחת עורכת ואחת אופה. רבי עקיבא אומר: לא כל הנשים ולא כל העצים ולא כל התנורים שוין. זה הכלל: תפח, תלטוש בצונן.
Rabban Gamliel says that three women may knead [dough for matzah] together, then bake it in one oven, one after another. But the sages say that three women may work together on dough, one kneading while another forms loaves and one bakes them. Rabbi Akiva says, not all women, nor all woods, nor all ovens are equally [efficient]. This is a general practice: if the dough starts to rise, douse it in cold water [to slow it down].
Comments
The Torah warns “you should guard the matzot” (Exod. ), which leads to unusual precautions at every stage of the preparation of matzah. Our Mishnah gives a window into the daily lives of women working collectively in preparing for this festival. Rabban Gamliel seems most lenient, allowing them to work together through the entire process, whereas the sages prescribe a more efficient assembly-line production, lest the dough turn to chametz while waiting to be baked. Rabbi Akiva reminds us that even efficient models like that of the sages may be slowed by differential efficiency among the workers and their equipment. The “cooling” method described here indicates experience with such inefficiencies and the attempt to salvage the dough from becoming worthless as chametz. Later halakhah (See Shulhan Arukh O.H. 459:2 in comments of Mishnah Brurah) establishes a fixed limit of eighteen minutes from when the flour is first moistened until when it must be put in the oven.
Questions
- How do you imagine the sages forming their opinions—from logic or direct observation?
- Can you defend Rabban Gamliel’s position? Why did the later law codify the time limit according to the clock?
- The race to produce matzah is meant to simulate the haste of the Exodus. Should we find new ways to simulate this experience even today when we buy our matzah? Would it be better to make our own?
